Radon measurements in water samples from western desert of Egypt using nuclear track detectors and estimation of corresponding doses

AS Hussein

doi:10.4103/0972-0464.154879

Users Online: 253

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Year : 2014 | Volume : 37 | Issue : 3 | Page : 165-168

Radon measurements in water samples from western desert of Egypt using nuclear track detectors and estimation of corresponding doses

AS Hussein
Department of Security Studies, Nuclear Security Programme, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Date of Web Publication

10-Apr-2015

Correspondence Address:
A S Hussein
Department of Security Studies, Nuclear Security Programme, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh
Saudi Arabia

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None

Check

DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.154879

Abstract

Radon ( ²²² Rn) is a natural radioactive gas originating from U-238 series and is the decay product of radium-226, which occurs in rocks, soil, natural gas and ground water. Radon in air and domestic water supplies can cause human exposure to radiation dose both through inhalation and ingestion. Epidemiological studies have provided convincing evidence of an association between radon exposure and different types of cancer. The principal objective of this work was to determine the radon concentration in different water samples collected from the western desert of Egypt using alpha tracks method. The obtained results reveal that there is no significant public health risk from radon ingested with drinking water in the study region.

Keywords: Egypt, environmental water samples, LR115 detectors, radon

How to cite this article:
Hussein A S. Radon measurements in water samples from western desert of Egypt using nuclear track detectors and estimation of corresponding doses. Radiat Prot Environ 2014;37:165-8

How to cite this URL:
Hussein A S. Radon measurements in water samples from western desert of Egypt using nuclear track detectors and estimation of corresponding doses. Radiat Prot Environ [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 28];37:165-8. Available from: https://www.rpe.org.in/text.asp?2014/37/3/165/154879

Introduction

Radon ( ²²² Rn) is a naturally occurring radionuclide; it is a gas that is formed by a series of radioactive decay of uranium-238. Radium-226 ( ²²⁶ Ra) is the parent radionuclide of ²²² Rn in the decay series, and ²²⁶ Ra is found in a wide variety of rocks, soil, natural gas and ground water. ^[1] Radon and its decay products called radon daughters or radon progeny emit highly ionizing alpha-radiation. Radon has been classified as a human carcinogen. ^[2] Since environmental radon on an average account for about an half of total human exposure to radiation from natural sources as shown in [Figure 1]. ^[3] Radon is soluble in water and this route of exposure may also be important if high concentrations are found in drinking water. If such water is ingested, the biokinetic models predict that the short-lived daughter products remain in the stomach for several tens of minutes before being passed on to the small intestine where it is transferred to blood and is rapidly cleared from the body. Calculations show that the dose to the lining of the stomach can be significant, ^[4] Thus, assessing ²²² Rn in water in addition to that in air is an important step in reducing the potential exposure to it. On other hand, the use of water in dwelling may result in enhanced indoor concentration levels of ²²² Rn depending on the total consumption of water in the dwelling, the size of the dwelling, and the rate of air ventilation. ^[5]

Figure 1: Sources and average distribution of natural background radiation for the world population [3]

Click here to view

Radon activity concentration measurements were carried out in different water samples from different areas in the world using alpha track detectors with cup-techniques. ^{[6],[7],[8],[9],[10]} During recent years, numerous papers have appeared in the literature demonstrating the ever interest in monitoring radon in the different environments in Egypt. ^{[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26]} LR-115 detectors have high sensitivity, low cost, easy to handle and retain a permanent record of the data. Also, these detectors are incorporated the effects of seasonal and diurnal fluctuation of radon activity concentrations due to physical and geological factors as well as meteorological factors. ^[1],[27]

The aim of the present work is to determine the radon activity concentrations in different water samples in different areas in Egypt as well as radon health effects.

Materials and methods

Water samples from deferent locations in the western desert of Egypt were collected and analyzed using closed cup technique as shown in [Figure 2]. The collected water sample each of about 1 L was poured into glass bottles. A track detector "LR115" of size 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm is housed in the bottom of an aluminum cup. The cup is attached to the glass bottle and sealed with adhesive tape to prevent the radon leakage. After an exposure time of 30 days, the dosimeter cups were separated from the samples bottles. The detectors were removed and treated using the mentioned method.

Figure 2: Map of Egypt showing the investigated area

Click here to view

The radon activity concentration Ca in the air volume of the cup above water samples was determined from the following formula:

Where ρ is the measured track density, η Rn is radon calibration coefficient in terms α- tracks cm-2 day -1 per Bq m-3 and T is the exposure time [Figure 3].

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of radon detection in water [28]

Click here to view

According to Somogy et al., 1986 and Jonsson, 1999, the radon activity concentration C_w in the water can be estimated through an empirical formula given by:

Where f is a calibration factor, which depends on the area of the water bottle and on the mean temperature °C of the water during the exposure time [Figure 3].

The effective dose due to radon ingested with water was estimated from the relation;

Where C_w is the radon activity concentration (Bq/L), l is the annual consumption and D is the dose conversion factor (Sv/Bq).

The UNSCEAR-1993 estimated that the committed effective dose from the ingestion of radon in water is 10⁻⁸ Sv/Bq for an adult, 2 × 10⁻⁸ Sv/Bq for a child and 7 × 10⁻⁸ Sv/Bq for an infant. ^[29] The US National Research Council-1999 suggests a lower conversion factor of 0.35 × 10⁻⁸ Sv/Bq without any distinction between age groups.

Results and discussion

The obtained results for radon activity concentration values in different types of water samples from the western desert of Egypt are given in [Table 1]. Using the annual consumption of 730 L for adults and dose conversion factor given by UNSCEAR 1993, effective doses due to radon in drinking water were calculated.

Table 1: Radon activity concentrations (Cw) and effective dose for water samples

Click here to view

From [Table 1], it is clear the effective doses due to radon in drinking water will not pose a significant health risk. Results are in good agreement with some values previously reported in the literature. ^{[30],[31],[32],[33]} [Table 2] shows the comparison of results obtained from this study with other national and international works for radon activity concentrations in water using the same technique.

Table 2: Comparison of Radon activity concentrations in water with other works

Click here to view

As shown in [Table 2], the results obtained in this study of radon activity concentrations for different types of water look similar to some available data reported in the literature. Also, radon activities in the studied samples did not exceed the maximum level of contamination of 11 Bq/L reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency. ^[36] UNSCEAR 2000 reports the average concentration of radon in water to 10 Bq/L with worldwide values ranging from 1 to 100 Bq/L.

Conclusions

In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the radon concentrations in environmental water samples from different locations of the western desert of Egypt. These measurements were made using LR115 etched track detectors with cup-technique. This technique is passive and convenient tool for determining radon activity concentration in water samples. Measured values of radon activity concentrations in water samples reflect a very low background radiation area. Thus, results reveal that the site area is safe as far as health hazards are concerned. In the near future, we planned to use both active and passive techniques to measure radon activity concentrations in indoor air and in water in the western desert of Egypt.

References

1.	Durrani SA, Iliac R. Radon Measurements by Etched Track Detectors. Singapore: World Scientific; 1997.
2.	WHO. WHO, Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2009.
3.	UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly. New York: United Nations; 2000
4.	Khursheed A. Doses to systemic tissues from radon gas. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2000;88:171-81.
5.	Primal D, Cunha, Narayana Y, Karunakara N, Yashodhara I, Kumara S. Concentration of ²²² Rn in drinking water along coastal Kerala and evaluation of ingestion doses. Radiation Protection and Environment 2011;34:197-200.
6.	Prasad G, Prasad Y, Gusain GS, Ramola RC. Measurement of radon and thoron levels in soil, water and indoor atmosphere of Budhakedar in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Radiat Meas 2008;43:375-9.
7.	Shashikumar TS, Chandrashekara MS, Paramesh L. Studies of radon in soil gas and natural radionuclides in soil, rock and groundwater samples around Mysore city. Int J Environ Sci 2011;1:786-97.
8.	Subber AR, Ali MA, Al-Asadi TM. The determination of radon exhalation rate from water using active and passive techniques. Adv Appl Sci Res 2011;2:336-46.
9.	Asmadu-Sakyi AB, Oppon OC, Quashi FK, Adjei CA, Akorita E, Nsiah-Akoto I, et al. Levels and potential effect of radon gas in groundwater of some communities in the Kassena Nankana district of upper East region of Ghana. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 2012;2:223-33.
10.	Amin RM. Evaluation of radon gas concentration in the drinking water and dwellings of south-west Libya, using CR-39 detectors. Int J Environ Sci 2013;4:484-90.
11.	Hafez AF, Hussein AS, Rasheed NM. Radon measurements in underground metro stations in Cairo city, Egypt. Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications. A Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 February, 2000.
12.	Hafez AF, Hussein AS, Rasheed NM. A study of radon and thoron release from Egyptian building materials using polymeric nuclear track detectors. Appl Radiat Isot 2001;54:291-8.
13.	Hafez AF, Hussein AS. Radon activity concentrations and effective doses in ancient Egyptian tombs of the Valley of the Kings. Appl Radiat Isot 2001;55:355-62.
14.	Hafez AF, Bishara AA, Kotb MA, Hussein AS. Regular radon activity concentration and effective dose measurements inside the great pyramid with passive nuclear track detectors. Health Phys 2003;85:210-5.
15.	Gomaa MA, Hussein AS, El-Arabi AM. Radon measurements in Egypt using passive etched track detectors: A review. Seventh Conference of Radiation Physics and Protection, Ismailia, Egypt, 27-30 Nov, 2004.
16.	Abu El-Ela A, Hafez AF, Othman M, El-Farrash AH. Study of radon levels in some closed area in Mansoura City, Egypt, Proceeding of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb, 2004, Minya, Egypt.
17.	El-Bahi SM. Assessment of radioactivity and radon exhalation rate in Egyptian cement. Health Phys 2004;86:517-22.
18.	Hussein AS. Measurements of environmental alpha-Activity using CR-39 and LR-115 plastic nuclear track detectors, PhD Thesis, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University; 2002.
19.	Ghany HA. Variability of radon concentrations in different compartments of dwellings in Egypt. Med J Islamic World Acad Sci 2005; 15:153-6.
20.	Hussein AS. Radon concentrations in some Egyptian dwellings using LR115 detectors, Eighth Conference of Radiation Physics and Protection, Bani Sueif, Egypt, 12-17 Nov, 2006.
21.	Eissa MF. Measurements of radon concentration in water and air in Ehnasia City, Egypt using track detectors. Int J Pure Appl Phys 2006;2:127-34.
22.	Hussein AS. Radon in the Environment: Friend or Foe? Proceedings of the 3 ^rd Environmental Physics Conference, Aswan, Egypt, 19-23 Feb, 2008.
23.	Abo-Elmagd M, Metwally SM, El-Fiki SA, Eissa HM, Salama E. Passive and active measurements of radon-related parameters inside ancient Egyptian tombs in Luxer. Radiat Meas 2007;42:116-20.
24.	Abd El-Zaher M. Seasonal variation of indoor radon concentration in dwellings of Alexandria city, Egypt. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2011;143:56-62.
25.	Abd El-Zaher M. An overview on studying ²²² Rn exhalation rates using passive technique solid state nuclear track detector. Am J Appl Sci 2012;9:1653-9.
26.	Hussein AS. Indoor radon concentration measurements at the site of the first nuclear power plant in Egypt. Radioprotection 2014;49:201-3, 20.
27.	IAEA, Analytical Quality in Nuclear Applications Series No. 33, National and Regional Surveys of Radon Concentration in Dwellings, Review of Methodology and Measurements Techniques; 2013.
28.	Somogy G, Hafez AF, Hunyadi M. Measurements of exhalation and diffusion parameters of radon by plastic track detectors. Nucl Tracks 1986;12:701-4.
29.	UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. New York: United Nations; 1993.
30.	Jonsson G. Experience from using plastic film in radon measurements. Radiat Meas 1999;31:265-70.
31.	US National Research Council. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water; 1999.
32.	Kullab M. Assessment of radon-222 concentrations in buildings, building materials, water and soil in Jordan. Appl Radiat Isot 2005;62:765-73.
33.	Marques AL, Dos Santos W, Geraldo LP. Direct measurements of radon activity in water from various natural sources using nuclear track detectors. Appl Radiat Isot 2004;60:801-4.
34.	Erlandsson B, Jakobsson B, Jönsson G. Studies of the radon concentration in drinking water from the horst Söderåsen in southern Sweden. J Environ Radioact 2001;53:145-54.
35.	Al-Bataina BA, Ismail AM, Kullab MK, Abumurad KM, Mustafa H. Radon measurements in different types of natural waters in Jordan. Radiat Meas 2007;28:591-4.
36.	US Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Radon in Drinking Water Regulation; 1999.

Figures

[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]

Tables

[Table 1], [Table 2]

This article has been cited by
1	Determine the Contaminations of Radon in the Drinking Water Using NTDs (CR-39) and RAD7 Detectors
	Najeba F. Salih
	Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2021;
	[Pubmed] \| [DOI]

2	A seasonal 222Rn mass-balance of Lake Burullus, Egypt: Indications for higher pore water exchange rates during the dry season
	Noha Imam,Nils Moosdorf,Till Oehler,Afaf Abd El-Lateef Nada
	Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2020; : 106368
	[Pubmed] \| [DOI]

3	Natural radionuclides in groundwater from Qena governorate, Egypt
	Khaled Salahel Din,Khaled Ali,Shaban Harb,Abdel Baset Abbady
	Environmental Forensics. 2020; : 1
	[Pubmed] \| [DOI]

4	EVALUATION OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN IRRIGATION AND DRINKING WATERS FROM THE EASTERN PART OF OMAN AND ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE DOSES TO OMANIS
	S M Nasser,M U Khandaker,D A Bradley,M O Isinkaye
	Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2019;
	[Pubmed] \| [DOI]